Combat Flight Simulators
Combat Flight Simulators are IBM PC and microcomputer games that simulate aircraft flight or spaceflight in combat scenarios.
Due to their simulation accuracy some 16 bit flight sims constitute high-points of 1990s Computer Game History.
- FS1: Flight Simulator Apple 2 1979: Runs on a 16 kbyte 6502 clocked at 1 MHz
- FS2: Flight Simulator 2 Amiga 1986: A highly-advanced non-combat flight sim
- Falcon Sphere Inc 1987: The Standard-setting 16 bit Flight Sim
- Falcon 3.0 Sphere Inc 1991: The Most Advanced Flight Sim of the 90s
- Carrier Command Realtime Games 1988: Hybrid of Vehicle Simulation & RTS
- F/A-18 Interceptor Intellisoft 1988: The Arcade Flight Sim
- F-15 Strike Eagle 2 MPS Labs 19988: First flight sim with color gradients
- F-19 Stealth Fighter MicroProse Sid Meier 1988: 16 bit Stealth-fighting is born
- F-16 Combat Pilot Digital Integration 1989: Head-to-Head Dogfighting
- F29 Retaliator Digital Image Design 1989: Super-smooth 16 bit Polygon-pusher
- Gunship 2000 MPS Labs 1991: The Best 16 bit Gunship Sim
- F-117A Nighthawk Stealth Fighter 2.0 MPS Labs 1991: F-19 Evolved
- Frontier Elite 2 David Braben 1993: The Greatest Spaceflight Sim Ever Coded
16 bit combat flight sims -- indeed, combat simulators of any kind -- almost always employed 2D bitmap graphics for cockpit, GUI and HUD, but 3D wireframe, flat-shaded or texture-mapped polygon graphics for objects and environments. Contrary to some early-80s and early-90s computer game journalism, since the environments are constituted by geometric objects in 3D space, such computer games do not feature screen-scrolling, which is a coding routine that shifts 2D graphics images, such as tiles.
The Amiga was graced with the best flight sim of 1986: Sublogic's Flight Simulator II came out between Microsoft Flight Simulator 2.0 of 1984 and 3.0 of 1988.
Flight sims were at the forefront of early-90s 3D engine development until the advent of Doom and Quake, but it was mostly the advent of Quake that caused 3D rendering engines to take off.
It is interesting to note that mid-90s texture-mapping uglified flight and vehicle simulators due to low-fidelity texture-tiles whereas purely flat-shaded sims hold up even in 2024. Flat-shaded graphics are also much clearer due to their line-work / hard edges that define objects and boundaries. It would have been great to have played sequels with increased polygon-counts on objects and terrain, yet remaining flat-shaded but displaying in square-pixel SVGA 640x480 while running at 60 FPS. Perhaps with flat-shaded shadow-casting, light-sourcing, 3D explosion cores and 3D particle effects. But instead, we got ugly texture maps that slowed down performance for many players.
Control in flight sims is driven by keyboard, mouse and/or digital or analogue joystick. Regardless of control method, memorizing a number of hotkey functions is mandatory.
These days 3D immersion is taken for granted but back in the day playing flight sims was a new and exhilarating gaming experience for many (late 80s). Simply taking off from a runway or aircraft carrier blew people's hair back, and they would switch to rear-cam to watch the take-off point fade away into the distance. I recall that the physics of banking fighter jets at high speed wowed people as well, let alone sending that missile hurtling into enemy aircraft.
It was impressive how flight sim coders pushed microcomputers with 7-8 MHz processors and 500 KB RAM (such as the Amiga) to represent fixed-wing aircraft dogfighting and bombing in fully realtime 3D environments.
8 bit and 16 bit combat flight sims are technical feats because they were developed on strictly limited microcomputer hardware whose CPU and chipset life-cycles far exceeded those of today.
Computer games that push static and restrictive hardware to the limits are special; relative to tech, many such games are more impressive than current gen ones. And they are also just as playable for those who know how to set them up properly. Flight sims are no exception. In cRPG History you can read more about yesteryear tech-dearth + obvious talent versus present-day tech-excess + questionable talent.
To save me repeating myself in each article, in most combat flight simulators players do the following:
- Make profiles
- Select a combat scenario or combat theatre
- Choose and arm an aircraft
- Engage in a single mission or undertake a full-fledged campaign
As players progress in the campaign, they attain ranks and ribbons (decorations) based on their performance in theatres of war. A campaign is a series of related missions staged in a specific theatre aka geographical region (Panama, Libya etc.)
Tank Combat Simulators / Artillery Simulators
Tank combat sims hit their high-point in 1989. Some of them were fully 3D, others 2.5D (sprite-scaling, scrolling bitmap backgrounds).
There are also turn-based wargames that simulate large-scale tank-warfare:
Ground-breaking Motorsport aka Auto Racing Simulators
Geoff Crammond is the king-coder of 8 and 16 bit autoracing sims; his authentic racing sims are as technically impressive as flight sims of the era. In my book Crammond is up there with Braben, Meier and Molyneux.
As regards American racing sims, Papyrus Design Group developed the highlights from 1989-1996.
- Revs AcornSoft BBC Micro Crammond 1985: The first fully-3D racing simulator
- Formula One Grand Prix Crammond 1991: The Best F1 Sim of the Early 90s
- Grand Prix MS-DOS Crammond 1996: SVGA sequel to F1GP
- Stunt Car Racer Crammond 1989: Stunt-car Physics Pioneer
- Indianapolis 500: The Simulation MS-DOS 1989 Papyrus Design Group
- IndyCar Racing MS-DOS 1993 Papyrus Design Group
- IndyCar Racing 2 MS-DOS 1995 Papyrus Design Group
- NASCAR Racing MS-DOS 1994 Papyrus Design Group
- NASCAR Racing 2 MS-DOS 1996 Papyrus Design Group
- Need for Speed MS-DOS 1995 Electronic Arts
- Destruction Derby 1994 Reflections
- Screamer Graffiti MS-DOS 1995
- Screamer 2 Milestone MS-DOS 1996
- Screamer Rally Milestone MS-DOS 1997
Arcade-sim Autoracers: Super-scalers
There were several stylish arcade-sim autoracers released in the late-80s and early-90s. However, these employed a combo of sprite-scaling and geometry or were 100% sprite-scaled (super-scalers).
- Test Drive Games MS-DOS 1987-1990 Distinctive Software
- Lotus Games Amiga 1990-1992 Magnetic Fields: The best 3rd-person racers
- Jaguar XJ-200 1992 Core: Not as good as Lotus
- Lombard RAC Rally MS-DOS 1988 Red Rat Software
- Celica GT Rally MS-DOS 1990 Gremlin Graphics
- Vroom MS-DOS Lankhor 1994: Good framerate
- Vette MS-DOS Sphere Inc. 1989: Vette suggests GTA long before GTA
- Deathtrack MS-DOS Dynamix 1989: One of the first fully-thugged-out EGA games
- Hard Drivin' Domark 1990 Amiga: Stunt Car Racer is way better
- Moonshine Racers MS-DOS 1991: Awful controls
- Lamborghini American Challenge MS-DOS 1992
- Outrun MS-DOS 1989: Terrible arcade conversion
- Turbo Outrun MS-DOS 1990: Another terrible arcade conversion
And while such games were fun to play as a rule (Lotus especially), they were nowhere near F1GP level in terms of simulation. To be fair, they were not trying to be sims.
The Best Arcade Racer Port of All-time
The best coinop conversion of an arcade racer to home computer is John O'Brien's Chase H.Q for the ZX Spectrum (1989). How Ocean Software managed to cram almost every feature of the Taito coinop into the Speccy version is a mystery.
MotoGP Simulators
Of the MotoGP sims (motorcycle simulators), Accolade's Team Suzuki (1991) was the first to be fully 3D; most of the others employed sprite-scaling.
The Atari ST and Amiga ports of the Super Hang-On coinop were incredible in 1988; even better than Indy 500 of 1989 in terms of speed-conveyance. This was due to SHO's sprite count + super-smooth scaling. There were very few 1988 computer games that could match the controls, graphics and playability of SHO.
WWI Combat Simulators
WWI dogfighting simulators hit their high-point in 1990.
- Red Baron Dynamix 1990
- Wings (Cinemaware, 1990)
- Blue Max (Artech Digital Entertainment, 1990)
- Knights of the Sky (Jeff Briggs, 1990)
Other genre launchpads:
- Computer Role-playing Games (cRPG)
- Turn-based Strategy Games PC (TBS)
- Real-time Strategy Games PC (RTS)
- cRPG Blog (Master Index)
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